World Sickle Cell Day 

Date Observed:

June 19 every year

Declared By:

United Nations General Assembly in 2008, through resolution A/63/L.63

What is Sickle Cell Disease (SCD)?

Sickle Cell Disease is a genetic blood disorder where the body produces abnormal hemoglobin, known as hemoglobin S.
This causes red blood cells to become rigid, sticky, and crescent (sickle) shaped instead of soft and round.

• A hereditary blood disorder where red blood cells become crescent-shaped (like a sickle) instead of round.

• These abnormal cells block blood flow, cause pain, and can lead to serious complications like infections, stroke, and organ damage.

• It primarily affects people of African, Middle Eastern, Indian, and Mediterranean descent.

Main Types of Sickle Cell Disorders:

• HbSS: Sickle Cell Anemia (most severe form)

• HbSC: Milder than HbSS

• HbS Beta Thalassemia: Varies in severity

 Health Effects:

• Chronic pain

• Anemia (due to rapid breakdown of red cells)

• Fatigue and weakness

• Swelling in hands and feet

• Frequent infections

• Vision problems

• Stroke or organ damage in severe cases

 Who is Affected?

• SCD primarily affects individuals of African, Mediterranean, Middle Eastern, South Asian, and Caribbean descent.

• Around 300,000 babies are born with it each year — 75% in sub-Saharan Africa.

• In the United States, ~100,000 people live with SCD.

• Life expectancy is reduced without proper care (can drop to ~40–50 years in low-resource countries).

Symbol:

• The red blood drop and sickle shape are common symbols.

• Awareness ribbons are usually burgundy or red.

 Prevention & Treatment:

• No universal cure, but treatments help manage symptoms:

• Hydroxyurea (a medication that reduces pain crises)

• Blood transfusions

• Bone marrow/stem cell transplants (potential cure, limited to select patients)

• Pain management and hydration

• Routine vaccinations to prevent infections

Purpose of the Day:

• Raise awareness about the challenges faced by people living with SCD.

• Promote early diagnosis, proper care, and research.

• Advocate for access to treatment and better health policies, especially in low-income regions.

History:

• Established by the United Nations General Assembly in 2008.

• First officially recognized on June 19, 2009.

Global Impact:

• Millions of people are affected, especially in sub-Saharan Africa.

• Around 300,000 babies are born with the disease each year globally.

• Many cases go undiagnosed or untreated due to lack of resources and awareness

 Global Awareness Goals:

• Promote early screening of newborns

• Improve healthcare systems and access to medicines

• Encourage research funding

• Support patients with education, counseling, and advocacy

Initiatives & Campaigns:

• WHO has classified SCD as a global public health priority.

• In some countries (like Nigeria and Ghana), national SCD control programs are being developed.

• International NGOs run awareness walks, free screenings, and blood donation drives around June 19.